The Discovery of DNA

It is amazing how important things are being discovered by persons who spend most of their lives dedicated to research. It is perhaps more amazing how a scientist discovers one thing while trying to discover other things. Imagine if no one was patient enough to conduct experiments to prove their assumptions. If that was the case, we would not know today that DNA is the genetic material. This paper will discuss how DNA was discovered, its structure and the scientists who contributed to the discovery.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is considered as the molecular blueprint of life that can be passed to the next generation. It was discovered in 1953 (University of Georgia, 2007) from experiments seeking to understand bacterial pneumonia which claimed many lives during the twentieth century. During these experiments, researchers stumbled into discoveries which later on became the reagents for further experiments leading to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material (O’Connor, 2008).D NA looks like a twisted ladder wherein rungs are secured by two out of four molecules that are interlocking. These molecules are nucleic acid bases. The four molecules include thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine (University of Georgia, 2007). Certain scientists have been notable for conducting experiments leading to the discovery of DNA. One of these was Oswald Avery whose team was trying to find out how to treat lobular pneumonia. From his experiments, he proved that DNA indeed carries genetic information.During that time, many people believed that the gene would be made up of protein and not nucleic acid (WGBH, 1998). Another scientist which contributed to DNA discovery was Frederick Griffith who, in 1928, conducted an experiment utilizing pneumonia bacteria and mice. Recent studies pointed that Griffith’s experiment was one of many others hinting that DNA was the hereditary material. Griffith assumed from his experiment, wherein he used a smooth (S) and rough (R) strai ns of Streptococcus pneumoniae on a mice, that polysaccharide coating was the cause of the illness to the mice.Further into his experiment, he found out that something in the living cell, and not the polysaccharides, caused the disease. Later on he speculated that the R strain bacteria he injected into the mice has absorbed the dead S strain bacteria’s genetic material. Furthermore, he speculated that the protein contained in the chromosomes was not the genetic bacteria due to the finding that heat denatures protein (Biology at Clermont College, n. d. ). At first, Avery was skeptical of the results of Griffith’s experiment. However, other researchers further studied Griffith’s findings.In 1931, Sia and Dawson found out that transformation, a process wherein one strain absorbs the genetic material of another strain and becomes that bacterium, could also take place in liquid cultures of pneumococci and mice. In 1948, Linus Pauling found out that proteins are shape d in alpha helix, which looks like a spring coil. Another significant discovery took place two years later, when Erwin Chargaff discovered an important foundation of the description of DNA: nitrogen bases in DNA varied, but some bases occur in one-to-one ratio.Pauling’s findings have further aroused interest into two researchers, namely: Francis Crick and James Watson. They were not the only ones interested in studying DNA. Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin from London were also studying DNA. Franklin discovered the possibility that DNA can occur in two forms. It depends on the humidity of the air. Franklin figured out that the molecule’s phosphate was located on the outside. Watson and Crick, determined to redeem their studies after a failed model, conceptualized that there are two chains of nucleotides in the molecule.These two chains were in a helix, as what Franklin has discovered, but one chain was moving to the opposite direction of another. Furthermore, they believed that the strands of DNA molecule served as the template for the other. The strands separate during cell division. In addition, a new half is built on each strand. The team found out that this was the way DNA reproduces without change in its structure (WGBH, 1998). The discovery of DNA was considered as the most important biological work and it has paved the way for further experiments and studies. Crick and Watson won the Nobel Prize for their findings. References Biology at Clermont College. (n.d). DNA structure and function. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/dna.htm O’Connor, C. (2008). Discovery of DNA as the hereditary material using Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nature Education, 1(1). University of Georgia. (2007). Study suggests how DNA building block might have formed. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http://www.world-science.net/othernews/071102_adenine.htm WGBH. (1998). Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53dn.html

What You Do Not Know About Spacex Falcon Heavy Essay Samples May Shock You

What You Do Not Know About Spacex Falcon Heavy Essay Samples May Shock You What is Actually Going on with Spacex Falcon Heavy Essay Samples The fourth flight proved to be an overall success. Saudi Arabia's Arabsat is expecting its Lockheed Martin-built industrial communications satellite to keep in geostationary orbit for as much as 15 decades. The expense of the program was extremely large. However you must trade off the price, very low flight rate, against building the payload in more compact pieces. Considering its track record, however, it appears safe to say the business is well-suited to making it take place. Let's look at the fundamental statistics. It's really hard to underestimate the value of this event for the history. A really tremendous quantity. The Basics of Spacex Falcon Heavy Essay Samples The capability to reuse rockets would result in a substantial decrease in cost of space launches. That's a large differential and within this space, it makes a signi ficant difference. The middle unit will incorporate a strengthened frame to support both side boosters. I hope it makes it far enough past the pad so that it doesn't lead to pad damage. By way of example, Falcon Heavy was initially supposed to launch for the very first time in March. To begin with, Falcon Heavy is among the most effective rockets existing today. Falcon Heavy is a little step on such journey, but it's still a huge machine. As soon as the Falcon Heavy does successfully launch, it'll be the most effective rocket on Earth being used. As time passes, SpaceX plans to lessen the price of Falcon Heavy launches due to their reusable boosters. Following that, they'll be transported to Cape Canaveral. Almost all of that propellant weight is going to be consumed in the first couple of minutes of the flight. The central heart of the rocket will stay connected to the payload for a bit longer and then separate also. Landing this booster was always likely to be more difficult due to the greater speed. Moreover, rocket boosters for solid fuels need timely updates, and external fuel tanks have to be changed each time. That is the sum of fuel needed for an ASDS landing. The Falcon Heavy isn't only the strongest rocket in the SpaceX arsenal it's been called the most effective rocket this generation has ever seen. Generated a significant thunderhead of steam. Details of Spacex Falcon Heavy Essay Samples To begin with, sensors picked up a problem with ground equipment in a dress rehearsal. In addition, it has no actual mission at this time. Being in a position to show you can land that sort of spacecraft puts you on a track people have to take seriously. The issue of all contemporary rockets is they are, in reality, disposable. How to Choose Spacex Falcon Heavy Essay Samples Musk plans to send the vehicle into orbit around sunlight. So, Musk's very first step was to create an inexpensive rocket. There's a genuine good likelihood that that vehicle doesn't make it to orbit. The genuine public excitement lies past the ISS and Mars missions, however, according to Musk. Still, two out of three isn't bad once you launch the most effective rocket on earth. In truth, it is the most effective operational rocket on the planet by a factor of two, boasting more than 5 million lbs of thrust. The 230-foot tall three-booster launcher is thought to be the most effective rocket on earth. But this also suggests that the ship needs to be in a position to survive reentry at interplanetary, as opposed to orbital, velocities. The ship is really the more intricate portion of the equation. The organization has confirmed that the launch was postponed until next calendar year. Nell explained more on the subject of the rocket inside her preview of the launch here. Its very first stage includes three Falcon 9 cores that are intended to go back to Earth after launch much enjoy the business's solo Falcon 9 flights. Fingers crossed for a prosperous test! The launch appears to have gone amazingly well. It is planned for a few weeks after the test. And not only for the launch.

Biography of Ho Chi Minh, President of North Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh (born  Nguyen Sinh Cung; May 19, 1890–September 2, 1969) was a revolutionary who commanded the communist North Vietnamese forces during the Vietnam War. Ho Chi Minh also served as the prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. He is still admired in Vietnam today; Saigon, the citys capital, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor. Fast Facts: Ho Chi Minh Known For: Ho Chi Minh was a revolutionary who led the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.Also Known As: Nguyen Sinh Cung, Nguyen Tat Thanh, Bac HoBorn: May 19, 1890 in Kim Lien, French IndochinaDied: September 2, 1969 in Hanoi, North VietnamSpouse: Zeng Xueming (m. 1926–1969) Early Life Ho Chi Minh was born in Hoang Tru Village, French Indochina (now Vietnam) on May 19, 1890. His birth name was Nguyen Sinh Cung; he went by many pseudonyms throughout his life, including Ho Chi Minh, or Bringer of Light. Indeed, he may have used more than 50 different names during his lifetime. When the boy was little, his father Nguyen Sinh Sac prepared to take the Confucian civil service exams in order to become a local government official. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minhs mother Loan raised her two sons and daughter and was in charge of producing the rice crop. In her spare time, Loan regaled the children with stories from traditional Vietnamese literature and folk tales. Although Nguyen Sinh Sac did not pass the exam on his first attempt, he did relatively well. As a result, he became a tutor for village children, and the curious, smart little Cung absorbed many of the older kids lessons. When the child was 4, his father passed the exam and received a grant of land, which improved the familys financial situation. The following year, the family moved to Hue; 5-year-old Cung had to walk through the mountains with his family for a month. As he grew older, the child had the opportunity to go to school in Hue and learn the Confucian classics and the Chinese language. When the future Ho Chi Minh was 10, his father renamed him Nguyen Tat Thanh, meaning Nguyen the Accomplished. Life in the United States and England In 1911, Nguyen Tat Thanh took a job as a cooks helper aboard a ship. His exact movements over the next several years are unclear, but he seems to have seen many port cities in Asia, Africa, and France. His observations gave him a poor opinion of French colonials. At some point, Nguyen stopped in the United States for a few years. He apparently worked as a bakers assistant at the Omni Parker House in Boston  and also spent time in New York City. In the United States, the young Vietnamese man observed that Asian immigrants had a chance to make a better life in a much freer atmosphere than those living under colonial rule in Asia. Introduction to Communism As World War I drew to a close in 1918, leaders of the European powers decided to meet and hash out an armistice in Paris. The 1919 Paris Peace Conference attracted uninvited guests as well—subjects of the colonial powers who called for self-determination in Asia and Africa. Among them was a previously unknown Vietnamese man who had entered France without leaving any record at immigration and signed his letters Nguyen Ai Quoc—Nguyen who loves his country. He repeatedly attempted to present a petition calling for independence in Indochina to the French representatives and their allies but was rebuffed. Although the political powers of the day in the western world were uninterested in giving the colonies in Asia and Africa their independence, communist and socialist parties in Western countries more sympathetic to their demands. After all, Karl Marx had identified imperialism as the last stage of capitalism. Nguyen the Patriot, who would become Ho Chi Minh, found common cause with the French Communist Party and began to read about Marxism. Training in the Soviet Union and China After his introduction to communism in Paris, Ho Chi Minh went to Moscow in 1923 and began to work for the Comintern (the Third Communist International). Despite suffering frostbite to his fingers and nose, Ho Chi Minh quickly learned the basics of organizing a revolution, while carefully steering clear of the developing dispute between Trotsky and Stalin. He was much more interested in practicalities than in the competing communist theories of the day. In November 1924, Ho Chi Minh made his way to Canton, China (now Guangzhou). For almost two and a half years he lived in China, training about 100 Indochinese operatives and gathering funds for a strike against French colonial control of Southeast Asia. He also helped organize the peasants of Guangdong Province, teaching them the basic principles of communism. In April 1927, however, Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek began a bloody purge of communists. His Kuomintang (KMT) massacred 12,000 real or suspected communists in Shanghai  and would go on to kill an estimated 300,000 across the nation over the following year. While Chinese communists fled to the countryside, Ho Chi Minh and other Comintern agents left China entirely. On the Move Ho Chi Minh had gone overseas 13 years earlier as a naive and idealistic young man. He now wished to return and lead his people to independence, but the French were well aware of his activities and would not willingly allow him back into Indochina. Under the name Ly Thuy, he went to the British colony of Hong Kong, but the authorities suspected that his visa was forged and gave him 24 hours to leave. He then made his way to Moscow, where he appealed to the Comintern for funding to launch a movement in Indochina. He planned to base himself in neighboring Siam (Thailand). While Moscow debated, Ho Chi Minh went to a Black Sea resort town to recover from an illness—probably tuberculosis. Declaration of Independence Finally, in 1941, the revolutionary who called himself Ho Chi Minh—Bringer of Light—returned to his home country of Vietnam. The outbreak of World War II and the Nazi invasion of France created a powerful distraction, allowing Ho Chi Minh to evade French security and reenter Indochina. The Nazis allies, the Empire of Japan, seized control of northern Vietnam in September 1940 to prevent the Vietnamese from supplying goods to the Chinese resistance. Ho Chi Minh led his guerrilla movement, known as the Viet Minh, in opposition to the Japanese occupation. The United States, which would formally align itself with the Soviet Union once it entered the war in December 1941, provided support for the Viet Minh in their struggle against Japan through the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the CIA. When the Japanese left Indochina in 1945 following their defeat in World War II, they handed over control of the country not to France—which wanted to reassert its right to its Southeast Asian colonies—but to Ho Chi Minhs Viet Minh and the Indochinese Communist Party. Japans puppet emperor in Vietnam, Bao Dai, was set aside under pressure from Japan and the Vietnamese communists. On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, with himself as president. As specified by the Potsdam Conference, however, northern Vietnam was under the stewardship of Nationalist Chinese forces, while the south was under the control of the British. In theory, the Allied forces were there simply to disarm and repatriate remaining Japanese troops. However, when France—their fellow Allied Power—demanded Indochina back, the British acquiesced. In the spring of 1946, the French returned to Indochina. Ho Chi Minh refused to relinquish his presidency  and was forced back into the role of guerrilla leader. First Indochina War Ho Chi Minhs first priority was to expel the Chinese Nationalists from northern Vietnam, and in February 1946 Chiang Kai-shek withdrew his troops. Although Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese Communists had been united with the French in their desire to get rid of the Chinese, relations between the parties broke down rapidly. In November 1946, the French fleet opened fire on the port city of Haiphong in a dispute over customs duties, killing more than 6,000 Vietnamese civilians. On December 19, Ho Chi Minh declared war on France. For almost eight years, Ho Chi Minhs Viet Minh fought against the French colonial forces. They received support from the Soviets and from the Peoples Republic of China under Mao Zedong after the Chinese Communists victory over the Nationalists in 1949. The Viet Minh used hit-and-run tactics and their superior knowledge of the terrain to keep the French at a disadvantage. Ho Chi Minhs guerrilla army scored its final victory at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, a masterpiece of anti-colonial warfare that inspired the Algerians to rise against France later that same year. In the end, France and its local allies lost about 90,000 troops, while the Viet Minh suffered almost 500,000 fatalities. Between 200,000 and 300,000 Vietnamese civilians were also killed. France pulled out of Indochina completely. Under the terms of the Geneva Convention, Ho Chi Minh became the leader of northern Vietnam, while U.S.-backed capitalist leader Ngo Dinh Diem took power in the south. Vietnam War At this time, the United States subscribed to domino theory, the idea that the fall of one country in a region to communism would cause the neighboring states to topple like dominoes as well. In order to prevent Vietnam from following in the steps of China, the United States decided to support Ngo Dinh Diems cancellation of the 1956 nationwide elections, which would very likely have unified Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh. Ho Chi Minh responded by activating the Viet Minh cadres in South Vietnam, who began to wage small-scale attacks on the Southern government. Gradually, U.S. involvement increased, until the country and other U.N. members were involved in all-out combat against Ho Chi Minhs soldiers. In 1959, Ho Chi Minh appointed Le Duan the political leader of North Vietnam, while he focused on rallying support from the Politburo and other communist powers. Ho Chi Minh remained the power behind the president, however. Although Ho Chi Minh had promised the people of Vietnam a quick victory over the Southern government and its foreign allies, the Second Indochina War, also known as the Vietnam War, dragged on. In 1968, he approved the Tet Offensive, which was meant to break the stalemate. Although it proved a military fiasco for the North and the allied Viet Cong, it was a propaganda coup for Ho Chi Minh and the communists. With U.S. public opinion turning against the war, Ho Chi Minh realized that he only had to hold out until the Americans got tired of fighting and withdrew. Death Ho Chi Minh would not live to see the end of the war. On September 2, 1969, the 79-year-old leader of North Vietnam died in Hanoi of heart failure, and he did not get to see his prediction about American war fatigue play out. Legacy Ho Chi Minhs influence on North Vietnam was so great that when the Southern capital of Saigon fell in April 1975, many of the North Vietnamese soldiers carried posters of him into the city. Saigon was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976. Ho Chi Minh is still revered in Vietnam today; his image appears on the nations currency and in classrooms and public buildings. Sources Brocheux, Pierre. Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, trans. Claire Duiker. Cambridge University Press, 2007.Duiker, William J. Ho Chi Minh. Hyperion, 2001.Gettleman, Marvin E., Jane Franklin, et al. Vietnam and America: The Most Comprehensive Documented History of the Vietnam War. Grove Press, 1995.

Human Inequality And Environmental Pollution - 1928 Words

The economy of China currently stand as the second-largest economy in the world only beaten by that of the United States of America. However, the Chinese GDP stands also to be rising fast — up 12.4% in dollar terms was recorded in 2013. For various other nations, such a figure would be much of a stellar year. Example is the United States of America managed merely 3.2% in the fourth quarter of last year — compared to China which had registered 18% or more each year from 2006 to 2011 (Gough, January 19, 2016). Nonetheless, such massive growth of the nation stand widely clouded by a dark sky of biting inequality and massive concerns of environmental dilapidation. Biting human inequality and Environmental pollution has been for long time and continues to be a serious problem in China. These two closely tied problems are evident mostly in education, health, economic situations, politics and the Chinese labor which is more of Modern Slavery (Chen, 2005). Putting these to cont ext, the themes most relating to these Chinese contemporary issues are those of human and environment and inequality. Consequently, this paper seeks to look at the historical roots of environmental dilapidation and human inequality as a contemporary issue through time and across space paying attention to China and other world destinations. Contemporary Issues Through the progression of world history, society progressively grow to become more and more sensitive to concerns of equality and human right focus owedShow MoreRelatedThe Population Of The Planet Is Reaching Unsustainable1377 Words   |  6 Pageswarming, environmental pollution, habitat loss, intensive farming practices, and the consumption of finite natural resources, such as fresh water, arable land and fossil fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of regeneration. 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The Last of the Mohicans Free Essays

Is racism a choice or not?   The novel `The Last of the Mohicans,` by James Fenimore Cooper, did provide evidences of racism as practice not only by Americans but also by other cultures which suggests a strong indication on the possible roots of racism. This paper therefore attempts to dramatize this new found reality that may not be known or accepted by many.   The three part thesis of the paper is stated in the following propositions: (1) the racism has its roots in nature and it must be having been part of human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last of the Mohicans or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2) That racism has been practiced due to natives wanting to preserve their cultures, and (3) that racism is strongly felt in gender mix. Since the Native Americans are forced to live with their colonizers, refusal to intermarry with the European colonizers must have been a natural thing to do. Hence what is ever is happening as racism in the United States must be traced back to this great of American history. To dwell therefore on the belief that discrimination is a well-planned reaction to other cultures may seem to find litter support as it not natural to hate or discriminate other people. There must be a prior experience in the past that has entered the subconscious level.   Not surprisingly therefore one could read in the American literature stories and novels that my have the colors or some racial problem. But the racial reactions was not chosen voluntarily as intended reaction but a subconscious reaction become something hurtful that has happened in the past. The issue of apparently prohibited a sexual racial mixture between cultures is depicted in the novel The Last of the Mohicans by Fenimore Cooper’s. The word ‘miscegenation’, which the shortened word for the sexual racial mixture has taken its meaning from two parts ‘miscere’ and ‘genus’   is apparently used in the at the end of the nineteenth century, and the word was actually   found mainly in the analysis of previous literary works. In appreciating therefore the reality to a profound and realistic portrayal of gender and racial relations between Native Americans and white people in the period of Indian and French Wars in his novel, author Cooper made an introduction of his own vision of early native Americans taking the position that miscegenation should be prohibited. It may be argued that the existing political and social issues are indeed influenced by the attitude of white people towards Native Americans in the past.  Ã‚   To be specific about it one may check that the at the end of the seventeenth century there were indeed some American states to have passed specific laws that were aimed at prohibiting sexual racial mixture and this may inferred to have deprived people of different races, with the exception of the white population but not without the undeniable repercussion as far as the American political rights particularly violation to the principles of equality. On taking the contrary view miscegenation may lessen the differences between two races but people then or may even this could aggravate these distinctions because people would be detached and removed from their customary background and by forbidding them from integration into the new environment. This could observed by the fact America’s vision as seen by some is large measure of what the country’s have projected as a model   about a future-realizable condition, instead of using the past to look the situation using reason.   With this seeming mismatch, America may have been involved in complex racial tensions and conflicts which appeared to be directed Native Americans. This same reason was also evident in Cooper’s rejection of sexual mixture in the book. In his portrayal of gender relations and miscegenation in the novels, Cooper may be opening the minds of those who know the real background or origin of racism as a social phenomenon.  Ã‚   Not many people will disagree that the US the country that brought a into living together as community of people   from different races   if one will observe that such may have even started from the   period of colonization. Since colonization may only be a desire to influence other cultures. But as soon as the process of interaction was started it, history has recorded about colonizers making constant attempts to destroy beliefs of Native Americans both from the cultural and religious aspects. The most immediate reaction however was for the indigenous population with America to want preservation of their cultural identity which normally is conflicting to the principles of white people. It is proper at this point to produce evidence from the text why Cooper has shown rejection of sexual mixture between races.   In his narration, Fenimore Cooper has described the people or character in the novel with mixed and unmixed blood. One of the characters in the novel is Hawkeye, who despite the fact of being culturally connected with both white people and Indians, he is portrayed by author as a person â€Å"without a cross†[1] The author may have the same treatment of Alice Munro who is described as â€Å"surprisingly fair†[2]. For another character by the name of Chingachgook, the author has presented as an unmixed Mohican. Cooper has created characters belonging to the other race like Cora, the elder sister of Alice, who may be described to of mixed race, who played the role of protecting even at the cost of her own life.   Cora was indeed presented as coming from â€Å"that unfortunate class who are so basely enslaved to administer to the wants of a luxurious people†[3] from the race of West Indians, who cannot marry a person from the South. It may be concluded then that Cooper did portrayed a story of racism in the US dating back to period of colonization as the book revealed women characters being prohibited to many from other race and therefore an indication of lack of freedom and equality when it comes to issues of choosing their marital partners. Cooper portrayed a judgment for women who ignored racial prejudices and assigned their societal-dictated roles, by either being rejected by society or having to die as they are opposing to sexual mixture. In the novel, one could conclude in their minds how the author Cooper has chosen to exterminate ignorer of racial prejudices such Cora and Magua if only to prevent an incompatible marriage. Work Cited: Cooper, J `The Last of the Mohicans, ` St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1984 [1] Cooper, 1984 p.4. [2] Cooper, 1984 p.378 [3] Cooper, 1984 p.310 How to cite The Last of the Mohicans, Essay examples

Incorporating Motivation Multimedia Learn -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Incorporating Motivation Multimedia Learn? Answer: Introduction The report helps in analysis of the different factors of motivation that is required to be adopted in different organizations. The motivation is an essential factor in the organization as this helps in meeting the different goals of the company and this leads to the increased productivity. There are different kinds of incentive programs that have to be adopted by the companies that will help in enhancing the morale of the employees as well. The main aim and purpose of the report helps in describing the difference between the process and content theory of motivation. The different theories have to be analyzed in context of a respective organization named Woolworths that is based on Australia. The Maslows theory along with Herzbergs along with McGregors theory has to be identified in such a manner that this will help in analyzing the criticisms of theory in the respective organization. The structure of the report includes the explanation of the different theories of motivation and their implications in the organization named Woolworths, Australia. The different kind of theories of motivation has to be analyzed along with the criticisms that have been labeled against it. Overview of Woolworths Woolworths Limited is one of the major Australian Company that is based in Australia along with in New Zealand (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). Woolworths is the second largest company in both Australia and New Zealand and it is one of the largest takeaway liquor retailers in Australia as well. The revenue that has been earned and generated by them is around A$59 billion and the profit is around A$1.2 billion. The number of employees who are working in Woolworths Company is 202,000 and the key people in the respective company are Gordon Cairns, Chairman and Brad Banducci, CEO of the company. The main operations of Woolworths Company include their supermarket business along with retailing of liquor as well. Difference between process theory and content theory Process theories help in focusing on the different factors within a particular individual that helps in directing, energizing and sustaining behavior (Gerhart and Fang 2015). These different factors can be inferred in an effective manner and the implications of the theory include that the individuals are unique in nature and the managers of the respective organization require understanding the desires and goals of the employees (Alshmemri, Shahwan-Akl and Maude 2017). On the other hand, the content theory includes description and analyzing the behavior that is energized and sustained in nature. The implications of the theory are that the different individuals make their own choices that are based on different preferences along with rewards. The managers of the respective organization need to understand the motivational theories in an effective manner (Lazaroiu 2015). Woolworths follow the content theory approach wherein the managers are aware of the different needs and requirements of the employees. The different proponents of the content theory include Maslows Hierarchy Theory along with Herzbergs theory. There are different content theories that have been reduced to the content theories as the focus of the content theories is based on the requirements of the employees in the respective company. The needs and preferences of the employees have to be analyzed in such a manner that this will help the employees in the organization to perform better in the future (Zameer et al. 2014). The meaningful rewards and recognition will help the employees in achieving the safety and security needs in the organization. Woolworths require offering as well as implementing different appropriate kind of rewards in an effective manner that will help in optimizing the presentation of the employees in the organization. The content theories combine the process theory in such a manner that this will help in shaping the degree of effort and continuation of effort of the employees (Deci and Ryan 2014). The proper mixture of the equity and process theories will help in motivating the different employees who are working in Woolworths Company. The equity and Maslows hierarchy needs has to be analyzed in such a manner that this will help in meeting the requirements and preferences of the customers in an effective manner (Olafsen et al. 2015). Maslows theory This is one of the most extensively used theories of motivation and American psychologist Abraham Maslow hypothesized it in the 1940s and 1950s. There are five needs in the hierarchy that progressed from lower needs of orders to the higher order needs. There are two kind of needs that include: Growth Needs Self actualization Needs- realizing the self fulfillment along with seeking personal growth (Nie et al. 2015) Esteem Needs Esteem for one self that includes independence and achievement and desire for dignity includes prestige and status (Fareed and Jan 2016) Deficiency Needs Social Needs- Acceptance and Trust, Giving affection and love Safety Needs- Security, Stability and order Physiological Needs Air, Food, Shelter and Sleep The Maslows Hierarchy Theory of the motivation helps the different managers in the organizations in motivating the employees. The CEO of the respective company Woolworths has applied the entire Maslows Hierarchy theory in such a manner that this will help in analyzing the different requirements of the employees in the organization. The different physiological needs of the employees are taken care in an effective manner as this helps in learning about the new skills in the management process. The basic physiological needs of the company have to be identified, as this will help in qualifying them for new skills (Singh and Behera 2016). Furthermore, the safety needs has to be identified in such a manner that this helps CEO Brad Banducci do common things that will help in making the workplace more efficient and effective. The CEO of the company helps in understanding along with addressing the requirements of the employees in such a manner that harbors the participation of the employees. The esteem needs are properly taken care by the higher officials of the company wherein the self respect and achievement and recognition for the different efforts that has been taken into consideration. The different identification of the needs has to be done in such a manner that this will help the company officials to understand the self-actualization needs (Nie et al. 2015). Criticisms levelled against Maslows Hierarchy Theory As there are different appreciations for the theory, there are different criticisms of the respective theory that are as follows: The different researchers have proved that there is be deficient in the hierarchical structure of the different requirements that is suggested by Maslow wherein each individual has different ordering for the satisfaction of the needs (Lawter, Kopelman and Prottas 2015) The other problem is that there is lack of cause and effect relationship between behavior as well as need. There has to be one particular need that may lead to different kind of behavior in different kind of individuals. On the other hand, a particular kind of behavior of the individuals may be result of different requirements. Therefore, the hierarchy is not as simple as it looks simple in nature (Cherry 2014) Requirement and satisfaction of the different needs is psychological feeling as there are times when the person himself/herself is not aware about their own needs and requirements, therefore it is not possible for the manager to understand the needs of the individuals in the market There are individuals wherein the hierarchy of needs does not exist simply as there are different requirements at different levels. There is different self-actualization requirements cannot afford to forget his/her food. But the criticism is solved by Maslow in such a manner that the needs are overlapping and interdependent in nature The other problem with the theory of Maslows Hierarchy Theory is operationalisation of different concepts in such a manner that it will be difficult for the different researchers to test the theory Despite of different factors of criticism in the theory of Maslow, there are different offerings of the needs and motives and this helps in motivating the different individuals in an effective manner. Woolworths Company has applied the Maslows Hierarchy theory in such a manner that this helped in maintaining the confidence among the employees in the organization. The self actualization requirements of the company has been adopted in such a manner that this will help in maintaining proper balance between the different needs that is required to be adopted by the organization. Herzbergs theory The Fredrick Herzberg and his associates have developed Hygiene and Motivation theory that is also known as two factor theory in the late 1950s and 1960s. As per Fredrick Herzberg, there are different hygiene and maintenance factors that are as follows: Company administration and policy is one of the hygiene factors wherein the structure of the pay has to be appropriate and reasonable in nature. It has to be competitive and equal in nature and the policies of the company should not be rigid in nature. This must include flexible working hours along with vacation and breaks Inter personal relationships between peers and subordinates are essential in nature as this helps in maintaining cordial kind of relationship between the different subordinates in the organization. There should not be any kind of inter personal conflict between the supervisors and subordinates Job security is essential in the organizations as this helps in providing the employees proper security that is essential as this will motivate them to perform well in the organization Status and working conditions is essential in the organizations, as this will help in maintaining proper status in an effective manner. The status of the employees in different organizations has to be familiar and retained Inter personal relationship with supervisor is essential in nature in the different organizations in an effective manner. It has to be acceptable and appropriate in nature as this will reduce the conflict between the different employees and supervisors On the other hand, there are motivational factors and the hygiene factors cannot be considered as the motivators. The motivational factors help in yielding the positive satisfaction among the different individuals or employees in the organization. These different factors help in inheriting the work of the individuals are satisfiers. The different motivational factors are as follows: Recognition is one of the factors wherein the employees will be praised along with recognized for the different accomplishments of the different managers. Proper sense of achievement is essential in nature as this helps in depending on the job and there will be fruitful results of the job that is performed by them in the organization Promotional and growth opportunities is essential in nature in the organizations as this kind of growth and promotional activities will help in motivating the individuals in the organization Meaningfulness of work is essential in nature as this will help in motivating the employees by providing challenging work and help them to perform better in the future as well Responsibility is essential wherein the employees are held responsible for the tasks that are performed by them. The managers of the organization has to be given ownership of the different tasks that is performed by them Brad Banducci, the CEO of Woolworths Company by looking into the different kind of factors that is essential in nature for the employees of the organization. The different motivational factors are essential in nature, as this will help in providing recognition to the individuals at the workplace. According to the respective theory, it can be analyzed that the responsibility has to be taken by the different employers in such a manner that this will help in solving the queries of the employees. Criticisms levelled against Herzbergs theory It is not conclusive in nature and the theory of Herzberg is limited to accountants and engineers. The critics have said that the entire theory is not conclusive in nature as there are different white-collar workers and employees who love challenging tasks. On the other hand, there are different workers who are general are motivated with the help of different incentives and pay. There are different effects of motivational factors and hygiene can be reverse in nature on some other categories of individuals. The Herzberg theory has given emphasis on the enrichment of the job and has ignored the job totally that will affect the satisfaction of the individuals in the workplace. He did not attach and provide importance to the status, pay or interpersonal relationship that is held as the great kind of motivators. The respective theory helps in providing guidelines to the different managers for job structuring in order to include different factors in the job such as this will bring satisfaction The last criticism of the theory is directed at the methodology of data and research collection. There were different interviewers who were asked to provide their views on their experience that can be good or bad in nature. This kind of methodology was defective in nature as the information that will be generated will be biased along with subjective in nature Assumptions of Theory X An average kind of employee does not like to work and tries to escape such situations in the organization as well. As there are such kinds of employees in the organization, it is essential in nature for the higher officials in the management has to be persuaded, warned and compelled, as this will help them in achieving such goals in the organization. A proper and effective supervision is required from the end of the higher officials in order to make the employees perform the tasks. These kinds of employees resist change in the organization and they are generally the ones who dislike responsibilities and do not perform their tasks accordingly. These employees are required to be enticed in order to perform better in the organization and deliver positive results. Assumptions of Theory Y The employees of the organization can perceive the job as normal and relaxing in nature. The employees in the organization exercise their different mental and physical efforts in an inherent manner. The employees who are under the category of theory Y are the ones who use self-direction and self-control in an effective manner. These help the employees in performing better in the organization and gain huge productivity for the entire organization as well. The job that is performed by the employees is rewarding along with satisfying in nature, it is essential for the company to provide them different bonus and incentives that will increase their morale to perform the tasks in an effective manner. This will help in teaching the employees to take responsibility themselves. The theory Y employees have different capabilities and skills that help them in utilizing their innovativeness in the different tasks performed by them. Brad Banducci, the CEO of Woolworths has motivated the employees in an effective manner, as the theory Y is valid in the respective organization. The employees who are working in Woolworths are the ones who show participation style of the management and they are motivated employees who fulfill their goals in an effective manner. The different employees who are working in lower level in Woolworths, Australia are involved in the decision-making and they have more responsibility (Firestone 2014). The employees who are working in Woolworths are self-motivated and they are self-directed in nature that performs their tasks in an effective manner. Furthermore, there can be different employees at work who falls under the category Theory X wherein they do not perform on their own. They are the ones who dislike work and do not perform the tasks on time as well (Grbz, ?ahin and Kksal 2014). The higher officials of Woolworths Company have taken different steps to control such employees and generate productivity in the organization as well. The employees who are working in the respective organization Woolworths is working under Carrot and Stick approach and they are performing well when they are threatened in order to perform well (Cerasoli and Ford 2014). The theory X and theory Y helps in pertaining for providing motivation to the employees that has been utilized in the human resource management along with organizational development. Hofstedes work through to the theories of motivation The particular model is a framework for the cross-cultural kind of communication that has been developed by Geert Hofstede. The Hofstedes work helps in understanding the culture of the society in such a manner that it has value on the customers using factor analysis in an effective manner (Hur 2017). Woolworths Supermarket is based in Australia wherein the effect of the culture of the entire Australian society has to be analyzed in order to understand the impact on the motivational theories that is followed in Woolworths. The dimensions of the Hofstedes theory are as follows: Power Distance- The dimension helps in understanding that the individuals in the society are not equal (Colbert, Yee and George 2016). It is the extent to which less powerful members of organization within country accept and expect power that is distributed in an unequal manner. The score of Australia is low (36) in nature and Woolworths follows and establish this for convenience in the organization. The communication process is direct, participative and informal in nature (Mayer 2014). Avoidance of uncertainty- The extent to which the different members in the organization of culture feel ambiguous and threatened and this have created institutions and beliefs to avoid such situations in an effective manner. Australia has scored 51 on the particular dimension (Boo, Drnyei and Ryan 2015). Femininity vs. Masculinity- Australia scores 61 on the particular dimension as the society of Australia is considered as Masculine society. In Woolworths, there are employees who are males and the number of females is less in comparison to the male employees (Cerasoli, Nicklin and Ford 2014) From the diagram and the dimensions of the Hofstedes work, it can be analyzed that the entire Australian society is considered Masculine society as the males are given more preferences than the females (Hewett and Conway 2016). Woolworths Company, Australia requires to adopt the different motivational theories such as Maslows Hierarchy Theory, Herzbergs Theory and McGregors theory in such a way that this will help in following the diverse dimensions of the organization (Karnatovskaia et al. 2015). The social and esteem needs of the Maslows Hierarchy theory has to be related with the culture of the society of the country along with the organization. The cultural aspect has to be kept in mind in such a manner that this will help in analyzing the job security of the employees in the organization (Miner 2015). For instance- Furthermore, the theory X and theory Y has to be applied in Woolworths Company in such a way that this will help in motivating the employees with the help of analyzing the cultural aspects of Australia. There are number of employees who fall under the category of Theory X and they dislike working, however there are employees who fall under Theory Y category wherein they are self-directed and self-motivated in order to perform their tasks in an effective manner (Corr et al. 2016). The cultural aspects of the respective society have to be analyzed in an effective manner that will help in solving the issues within the entire organization and in the respective organization as well (Bojadziev et al. 2016). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that there are different kind of motivational theories that is followed by Woolworths Company, Australia. It has been explained that the theories of motivation has to be linked with the cultural aspects of the company and society of Australia in such manner that this will help in maintaining and establishing such needs in an effective manner. The Hofstedes six-dimension approach has been analyzed in an effective manner that provides different kind of individualism and collectivism approach in the respective organization. The three theories related to motivation have been linked with six dimension Hofstedes approach that helped in linking the motivational approach with the Hofstedes approach. References Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. and Maude, P., 2017. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory.Life Science Journal,14(5). Bojadziev, M., Stefanovska-Petkovska, M., Handziski, V. and Barlakoska, G., 2016. Age Related Preferences of Leadership Style: Testing McGregors Theory X and Y.Journal of Management Research,8(4), pp.187-207. Boo, Z., Drnyei, Z. and Ryan, S., 2015. 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Kurt Vonnegut Essays (1898 words) - Kurt Vonnegut,

Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. is a contemporary American author whose works have been described by Richard Giannone as comic masks covering the tragic farce that is our contemporary life (Draper, 3784). Vonnegut's life has had a number of significant influences on his works. Influences from his personal philosophy, his life and experiences, and his family are evident elements in his works. Among his comic masks are three novels: Cat's Cradle, The Sirens of Titan, and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. Throughout these novels, elements such as attitude, detail, narrative technique, setting, and theme can be viewed with more understanding when related to certain aspects of his life. These correlations are best examined in terms of each influence. One of the most significant influences from Vonnegut's life on his personal philosophy has been his participation in World War II. During the war, Vonnegut served in the American army in Europe and was captured by German soldiers. As a prisoner of war, he witnessed the Allied bombing of the city of Dresden, in which more than 135,000 people died due to the resulting fires (Draper, 3785). This experience had a profound impact on Vonnegut. From it, he developed his existential personal philosophy and his ideas about the evils of technology. He states, I am the enemy of all technological progress that threatens mankind (Nuwer, 39). The influence of Dresden shows up in each of the novels. In Cat's Cradle, one element of his experience at Dresden that Vonnegut portrays is his fear of technology. Initially, the intention of the story is for the narrator to write about what the scientists who invented the atomic bomb were doing the day it was dropped on Hiroshima. To this effect, one of the scientists in the story said, Science has now known sin, to which another replied, What is sin? (Vonnegut, Cradle, 21). The focus on technology quickly changes to a material called ice-nine, which has the ability to freeze water at room temperature. This technological breakthrough, by a scientist who worked on developing the atomic bomb, has the ability to destroy the world by freezing all its water. Even though the people with ice-nine are very careful all through the plot, they lose control of it in the end and the world becomes frozen. With ice-nine, Vonnegut thematically demonstrates how relatively simple technology can lay waste to the world, as the Allies did to Dresden (Draper, 3785). Cat's Cradle is an excellent example of Vonnegut's existentialism, a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in. . . [an] indifferent universe, [and] regards human existence as unexplainable (Bookshelf '94). Before the novel even starts, just below the dedication, he declares, Nothing in this book is true. 'Live by the foma [harmless untruths] that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy' (Vonnegut, Cradle). Vonnegut carries this concept all through the story, that the universe is meaningless and each person must exist for oneself. He even goes to the extent of inventing a religion, Bokononism, with which humans attempt to make some sense of everything, while realizing that everything is nonsensical. Vonnegut's existential philosophy also takes the form of a religion in The Sirens of Titan. The Church of God the Utterly Indifferent is established, on the principle that puny man can do nothing at all to help or please God Almighty, and Luck is not the hand of God (Vonnegut, Sirens, 180). Toward the end of the story, two existential ideas are developed: first that human life is incomprehensible (in this case controlled by aliens from another planet for a trivial purpose), and second that people must make a meaning for life on their own. When one character states, The worst thing that could possibly happen. . . would be to not be used for anything by anybody, Vonnegut is suggesting that a good meaning for life might simply be to be useful (Vonnegut, Sirens, 310). The theme and plot of meaninglessness and uselessness mirror Vonnegut's experiences in the aftermath of Dresden (Amer. Lit. Bio., 301, 303-304). God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater also exhibits elements of Vonnegut's take on technology and existentialism in plot and theme. The protagonist, millionaire Eliot Rosewater,